Impact of communication system characteristics on electric vehicle grid integration: a large-scale practical assessment of the UK’s cellular network for the internet of energy

Zeinali, M ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-6528, Erdogan, N ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1621-2748, Bayram, IS and Thompson, JS, 2023. Impact of communication system characteristics on electric vehicle grid integration: a large-scale practical assessment of the UK’s cellular network for the internet of energy. Electricity, 4 (4), pp. 309-319. ISSN 2673-4826

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Abstract

The ever-increasing number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires appropriate electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) for charging coordination to maintain grid stability and enhance PEV user convenience. As such, the widespread adoption of electric mobility can be successful. EVGI is facilitated through charging stations and empowers PEV users to manage their charging demand by using smart charging solutions. This makes PEV grids assets that provide flexibility to the power grid. The Internet of Things (IoT) feature can make smooth EVGI possible through a supporting communication infrastructure. In this regard, the selection of an appropriate communication protocol is essential for the successful implementation of EVGI. This study assesses the efficacy of the UK’s 4G network with TCP and 4G UDP protocols for potential EVGI operations. For this, an EVGI emulation test bed is developed, featuring three charging parking lots with the capacity to accommodate up to 64 PEVs. The network’s performance is assessed in terms of data packet loss (e.g., the data-exchange capability between EVGI entities) and latency metrics. The findings reveal that while 4G TCP often outperforms 4G UDP, both achieve latencies of less than 1 s with confidence intervals of 90% or greater for single PEV cases. However, it is observed that the high penetration of PEVs introduces a pronounced latency due to queuing delays in the network including routers and the base station servers, highlighting the challenges associated with maintaining efficient EVGI coordination, which in turn affects the efficient use of grid assets.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Electricity
Creators:	Zeinali, M., Erdogan, N., Bayram, I.S. and Thompson, J.S.
Publisher:	MDPI
Date:	3 November 2023
Volume:	4
Number:	4
ISSN:	2673-4826
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.3390/electricity4040018 DOI 1832908 Other
Rights:	This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Divisions:	Schools > School of Science and Technology
Record created by:	Jonathan Gallacher
Date Added:	08 Nov 2023 09:51
Last Modified:	08 Nov 2023 09:51
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/50314

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