Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia—from molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance

Alves, R, Gonçalves, AC, Rutella, S ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-7375, Almeida, AM, De Las Rivas, JDL, Trougakos, IP and Ribeiro, ABS, 2021. Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia—from molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Cancers, 13 (19): 4820. ISSN 2072-6694

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Abstract

Resistance to targeted therapies is a complex and multifactorial process that culminates in the selection of a cancer clone with the ability to evade treatment. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was the first malignancy recognized to be associated with a genetic alteration, the t(9;22)(q34;q11). This translocation originates the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, encoding the cytoplasmic chimeric BCRABL1 protein that displays an abnormally high tyrosine kinase activity. Although the vast majority of patients with CML respond to Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), resistance might occur either de novo or during treatment. In CML, the TKI resistance mechanisms are usually subdivided into BCR-ABL1-dependent and independent mechanisms. Furthermore, patients’ compliance/adherence to therapy is critical to CML management. Techniques with enhanced sensitivity like NGS and dPCR, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, and the development of mathematical modeling and computational prediction methods could reveal the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance and facilitate the design of more effective treatment strategies for improving drug efficacy in CML patients. Here we review the molecular mechanisms and other factors involved in resistance to TKIs in CML and the new methodologies to access these mechanisms, and the therapeutic approaches to circumvent TKI resistance.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Cancers
Creators:	Alves, R., Gonçalves, A.C., Rutella, S., Almeida, A.M., De Las Rivas, J.D.L., Trougakos, I.P. and Ribeiro, A.B.S.
Publisher:	MDPI AG
Date:	26 September 2021
Volume:	13
Number:	19
ISSN:	2072-6694
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.3390/cancers13194820 DOI 1474132 Other
Rights:	© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Divisions:	Schools > School of Science and Technology
Record created by:	Laura Ward
Date Added:	28 Sep 2021 09:01
Last Modified:	28 Sep 2021 09:01
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/44273

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