Smart and biomimetic 3D and 4D printed composite hydrogels: opportunities for different biomedical applications

Malekmohammadi, S, Sedghi Aminabad, N, Sabzi, A, Zarebkohan, A, Razavi, M, Vosough, M, Bodaghi, M ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0707-944X and Maleki, H, 2021. Smart and biomimetic 3D and 4D printed composite hydrogels: opportunities for different biomedical applications. Biomedicines, 9 (11): 1537. ISSN 2227-9059

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Abstract

In recent years, smart/stimuli-responsive hydrogels have drawn tremendous attention for their varied applications, mainly in the biomedical field. These hydrogels are derived from different natural and synthetic polymers but are also composite with various organic and nano-organic fillers. The basic functions of smart hydrogels rely on their ability to change behavior; functions include mechanical, swelling, shaping, hydrophilicity, and bioactivity in response to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, magnetic field, electromagnetic radiation, and biological molecules. Depending on the final applications, smart hydrogels can be processed in different geometries and modalities to meet the complicated situations in biological media, namely, injectable hydrogels (following the sol-gel transition), colloidal nano and microgels, and three dimensional (3D) printed gel constructs. In recent decades smart hydrogels have opened a new horizon for scientists to fabricate biomimetic customized biomaterials for tissue engineering, cancer therapy, wound dressing, soft robotic actuators, and controlled release of bioactive substances/drugs. Remarkably, 4D bioprinting, a newly emerged technology/concept, aims to rationally design 3D patterned biological matrices from synthesized hydrogel-based inks with the ability to change structure under stimuli. This technology has enlarged the applicability of engineered smart hydrogels and hydrogel composites in biomedical fields. This paper aims to review stimuli-responsive hydrogels according to the kinds of external changes and t recent applications in biomedical and 4D bioprinting.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Biomedicines
Creators:	Malekmohammadi, S., Sedghi Aminabad, N., Sabzi, A., Zarebkohan, A., Razavi, M., Vosough, M., Bodaghi, M. and Maleki, H.
Publisher:	MDPI AG
Date:	26 October 2021
Volume:	9
Number:	11
ISSN:	2227-9059
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.3390/biomedicines9111537 DOI 1485068 Other
Rights:	© 2021 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
Divisions:	Schools > School of Science and Technology
Record created by:	Jeremy Silvester
Date Added:	04 Nov 2021 10:57
Last Modified:	04 Nov 2021 10:57
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/44612

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