The impact of visitors on non-primate species in zoos: a quantitative review

Williams, E, Hunton, V, Hosey, G and Ward, SJ ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5857-1071, 2023. The impact of visitors on non-primate species in zoos: a quantitative review. Animals, 13 (7): 1178. ISSN 2076-2615

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Abstract

Visitors are a prominent feature in the lives of zoo animals, and their presence can cause a range of impacts on zoo animals (typically classed as positive, negative or neutral impacts), commonly referred to as the ‘visitor effect’. This paper quantitatively collates the literature on the visitor effect in non-primate species, investigates the types of measures used to assess impacts of visitors on animals and considers whether impacts vary across non-primate species in zoos. In total, there were 105 papers which had investigated the impact of zoo visitors on 252 non-primate species/species groups. There has been a steady increase in visitor effect research in zoos since 2012 and this body of work incorporates species from avian (28% study species), reptilian (9%), amphibian (2%), fish (4%) and invertebrate taxa (1%). However, there is still a bias towards mammalian species (56%). The response to visitors varied across taxa. Amphibians responded negatively to visitors more frequently than would be expected by chance (p < 0.05), birds responded neutrally more frequently than would be expected by chance (p < 0.05) and fish responded neutrally and ‘unknown’ more frequently than would be expected by chance (p < 0.05). This review highlighted a number of animal-based metrics which have been used to assess the impacts of visitors on animals, with measures used varying across taxa. Moving forwards, it is recommended that moving forwards researchers incorporate a suite of measures, incorporating those which are meaningful in terms of being representative of individual animal experiences and animal welfare, collected in a manner which should capture those metrics accurately.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Animals
Creators:	Williams, E., Hunton, V., Hosey, G. and Ward, S.J.
Publisher:	MDPI
Date:	28 March 2023
Volume:	13
Number:	7
ISSN:	2076-2615
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.3390/ani13071178 DOI 1758546 Other
Rights:	© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Divisions:	Schools > School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences
Record created by:	Jonathan Gallacher
Date Added:	09 May 2023 10:42
Last Modified:	09 May 2023 10:42
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/48902

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