The expanded exercise addiction inventory (EAI-3): towards reliable and international screening of exercise-related dysfunction

Granziol, U, Griffiths, MD ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-6524, Zou, L, Yang, P, Herschel, HK, Junker, A, Akimoto, T, Stoll, O, Alpay, M, Aydın, Z, Zandonai, T, Di Lodovico, L, Lichtenstein, MB, Trott, M, Portman, RM, Schipfer, M, Cook, B, Cerea, S, Egorov, AY, Cantù-Berrueto, A, de la Vega Marcos, R, Fernandes, PT, Landolfi, E, Demetrovics, Z, Tóth, EE, Solmi, M and Szabo, A, 2023. The expanded exercise addiction inventory (EAI-3): towards reliable and international screening of exercise-related dysfunction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. ISSN 1557-1874

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Abstract

Exercise addiction (EA) refers to excessive exercise, lack of control, and health risks. The Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) is one of the most widely used tools in its assessment. However, the cross-cultural psychometric properties of the EAI could be improved because it misses three pathological patterns, including guilt, exercise despite injury, and experienced harm. Therefore, the present study tested the psychometric properties of the expanded EAI (EAI-3) in a large international sample. The EAI-3 was administered to 1931 physically active adult exercisers speaking five languages (Chinese, German, Italian, Japanese, and Turkish) and other measures for obsessive–compulsive behavior, eating disorders, and personality traits. The assessment structure and reliability of the EAI-3 were tested with factorial analyses and through measurement invariance across languages and sex. Finally, a cutoff point for dysfunction-proneness was calculated. The EAI-3 comprised two factors, reflecting the positive and pathological sides of exercise. The structure had excellent reliability and goodness-of-fit indices and configural and metric invariances of the scale were supported. However, three items caused violations in scalar invariance. The results of partial measurement invariance testing suggested an adequate fit for the data. Following sensitivity and specificity analysis, the EAI-3’s cutoff score was 34 out of a maximum score of 48. This preliminary study suggests that the EAI-3 is a promising tool for screening EA in an international sample, with a robust and reliable structure comparable across languages and sex. In addition, the proposed cutoff could pave the way toward a consensus on a threshold to screen for EA.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
Creators:	Granziol, U., Griffiths, M.D., Zou, L., Yang, P., Herschel, H.K., Junker, A., Akimoto, T., Stoll, O., Alpay, M., Aydın, Z., Zandonai, T., Di Lodovico, L., Lichtenstein, M.B., Trott, M., Portman, R.M., Schipfer, M., Cook, B., Cerea, S., Egorov, A.Y., Cantù-Berrueto, A., de la Vega Marcos, R., Fernandes, P.T., Landolfi, E., Demetrovics, Z., Tóth, E.E., Solmi, M. and Szabo, A.
Publisher:	Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Date:	10 May 2023
ISSN:	1557-1874
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.1007/s11469-023-01066-2 DOI 1760668 Other
Rights:	© The Author(s) 2023. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Divisions:	Schools > School of Social Sciences
Record created by:	Laura Ward
Date Added:	15 May 2023 09:29
Last Modified:	15 May 2023 09:29
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/48960

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