Bio‐based gradient composites for 3D/4D printing with enhanced mechanical, shape memory, and flame‐retardant properties

Lalegani Dezaki, M ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5680-1550, Branfoot, C, Baxendale, J and Bodaghi, M ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0707-944X, 2024. Bio‐based gradient composites for 3D/4D printing with enhanced mechanical, shape memory, and flame‐retardant properties. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering: 2400276. ISSN 1438-7492

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Abstract

This study explores the 3D/4D printing of polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with natural particles from mussels PLA (MPLA) and wheat PLA (WPLA) using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The study employs functionally graded (FG) and multi-material (MM) printing processes emphasizing biodegradable and bio-derived materials. Shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) with various MM and FG combinations are printed and examined. The microstructure, mechanical properties, flammability, and shape memory characteristics of these SMPCs are evaluated. The findings demonstrate that incorporating mussel and wheat particles enhances the mechanical performance of PLA, with a reduced burning rate compared to pure PLA samples. A sandwich FG composite structure shows superior strength in compression, tensile, and three-point bending tests, with WMWFG samples exhibiting a 106% increase in tensile strength compared to WPLA samples. The shape recovery and fixity of the 4D-printed SMPCs are investigated and WPLA specimens reveal the highest shape recovery ratio of ≈ 93.3% ± 1%. These findings highlight the potential of 4D-printed SMPCs for diverse applications, spanning shape morphing, human-material interaction, and mechanical engineering. Additionally, the research contributes to sustainability by promoting reduced material consumption and waste generation, as demonstrated by creating reusable and lightweight objects such as miniature pots, cutlery, holders, grippers, and wrappers.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
Creators:	Lalegani Dezaki, M., Branfoot, C., Baxendale, J. and Bodaghi, M.
Publisher:	Wiley
Date:	10 October 2024
ISSN:	1438-7492
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.1002/mame.202400276 DOI 2256062 Other
Rights:	© 2024 the author(s). Macromolecular Materials and Engineering published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Divisions:	Schools > School of Science and Technology
Record created by:	Jonathan Gallacher
Date Added:	17 Oct 2024 15:17
Last Modified:	17 Oct 2024 15:17
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/52435

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