Initial development and psychometric properties of the gambling disorder test in a nationally representative sample of adults

Pontes, HM, Selak, Š, Žmavc, M and Griffiths, MD ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-6524, 2025. Initial development and psychometric properties of the gambling disorder test in a nationally representative sample of adults. Psychological Assessment. ISSN 1040-3590

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Abstract

Gambling disorder (GD) is an officially recognized mental health disorder. However, its conceptualization and diagnostic criteria have changed substantially over the years due to new clinical and epidemiological research supporting its reconceptualization from an impulse control disorder to an addictive disorder. The evolving nature of GD led to changes in its diagnostic approach within the 11th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11). However, no updated standardized psychometric test reflecting the latest developments exists. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to develop and report the psychometric properties of the Gambling Disorder Test (GDT), a brief and convenient four-item assessment instrument reflecting the current diagnostic criteria for GD in the ICD-11. A nationally representative sample of British adults was recruited (N = 1,028, Mage = 46.54 years, SDage = 15.71). The results showed a one-factor solution for the GDT and initial support for the scale’s factorial validity, population cross-validity, criterion validity, concurrent validity, and reliability. Further gender-based measurement invariance was conducted, with the GDT exhibiting full scalar invariance and the results of latent mean comparison showing that males had significantly higher GD latent means compared to females (latent mean difference = −0.156; z = −3.844, p < .001, d = −.249). The self-reported prevalence of GD in the sample was 0.49%. The GDT is a promising brief assessment instrument based on the latest conceptualization and diagnostic criteria for GD that can be employed by clinicians and researchers alike.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Psychological Assessment
Creators:	Pontes, H.M., Selak, Š., Žmavc, M. and Griffiths, M.D.
Publisher:	American Psychological Association
Date:	24 March 2025
ISSN:	1040-3590
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.1037/pas0001374 DOI 2408208 Other
Rights:	© 2025 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). This license permits copying and redistributing the work in any medium or format, as well as adapting the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Divisions:	Schools > School of Social Sciences
Record created by:	Laura Borcherds
Date Added:	17 Mar 2025 11:07
Last Modified:	28 Mar 2025 16:58
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/53253

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