Linking individual variation in facial musculature to facial behavior in rhesus macaques

Kimock, CM, Ritchie, C, Whitehouse, J ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2607-5492, Witham, C, Tierney, CM, Jeffery, N, Waller, BM ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6303-7458 and Burrows, AM, 2025. Linking individual variation in facial musculature to facial behavior in rhesus macaques. Anatomical Record. ISSN 0003-276X

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Abstract

Facial expression is a key component of primate communication, and primates (including humans) have a complex system of facial musculature underpinning this behavior. Human facial musculature is highly variable across individuals, but to date, whether other primate species exhibit a similar level of inter-individual variation is unknown. Whether individual-level variation in facial musculature covaries with significant differences in facial movement within the same individual is also unknown. Here, we use facial dissection data from 31 adult rhesus macaques, the largest sample to date, to quantify inter-individual variation in facial muscle presence. We used a subsample of eight individuals to measure covariation between facial muscle presence and the presence of external facial movements (action units in the Facial Action Coding System, or FACS). We found, in contrast to humans, limited inter-individual variation in muscle presence, but the zygomatic region exhibited more gross anatomical variation in muscle presence and morphology than any other region of the macaque face. We also found a good correspondence between facial muscle presence and the presence of the associated action units. Our results indicate that the observed variation in rhesus macaque facial expressivity is not likely driven primarily by variation in facial muscle presence but may instead be due to other factors such as learned behavior and/or physiological differences. These findings provide insight into the anatomical basis of inter-individual variation in facial behavior in primates and suggest potential differences in variation between humans and other primate species.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Anatomical Record
Creators:	Kimock, C.M., Ritchie, C., Whitehouse, J., Witham, C., Tierney, C.M., Jeffery, N., Waller, B.M. and Burrows, A.M.
Publisher:	Wiley
Date:	17 March 2025
ISSN:	0003-276X
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.1002/ar.25650 DOI 2409120 Other
Rights:	© 2025 The Author(s). The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for Anatomy. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Divisions:	Schools > School of Social Sciences
Record created by:	Laura Borcherds
Date Added:	18 Mar 2025 10:18
Last Modified:	18 Mar 2025 10:18
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/53261

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