Compo-code 3D/4D printing of shape-memory meta-composites for supreme precision, speed, recovery, and energy dissipation

Kordi, O, Yusefi Passandi, M, Behravesh, AH and Bodaghi, M ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0707-944X, 2025. Compo-code 3D/4D printing of shape-memory meta-composites for supreme precision, speed, recovery, and energy dissipation. Smart Materials and Structures, 34 (8): 085007. ISSN 0964-1726

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Abstract

This study introduces a groundbreaking methodology for 3D/4D printing of continuous fiber-reinforced meta-composites, achieving unprecedented precision and performance through the development of custom G-code modifier software. This novel software, which automatically detects part edges and locally reduces printing speed, creates a modified G-code so-called compo-code for printing composites. This represents a breakthrough in composite additive manufacturing by significantly enhancing fiber alignment, printing quality, and reducing print time. These innovations enable the fabrication of high-performance lattice composites with optimized energy absorption, dissipation, and shape recovery capabilities. This research examines hexagonal and re-entrant meta-composites reinforced with continuous glass fibers (0, 20, 40 wt%) to evaluate their thermo-mechanical behaviors. Results demonstrate that meta-composites printed with the compo-code achieve approximately remarkable tensile (2700 N), bending (200 N), and compressive (400 N) forces compared to conventional methods. Comparing meta-composites with non-reinforced meta-structures, the tensile, bending, and compression strengths rise by 1000%, 1000%, and 450%, respectively. Hexagonal patterns exhibit superior tensile and bending strength, while re-entrant patterns, with their auxetic behavior, achieve supreme compressive performance and demonstrate a stable quasi-constant force plateau, critical for efficient energy absorption and dissipation. Hexagonal meta-composites with 40 wt% fibers deliver the highest energy dissipation and absorption (0.51 J and 0.10 J). Additionally, shape recovery tests under compression and bending reveal recovery ratios of 100% for non-reinforced and ∼95% for reinforced samples. By integrating advanced software, meta-material design, and continuous fiber reinforcement, this study provides a transformative framework for high-precision manufacturing of next-generation meta-composites, paving the way for advanced applications.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Smart Materials and Structures
Creators:	Kordi, O., Yusefi Passandi, M., Behravesh, A.H. and Bodaghi, M.
Publisher:	IOP Publishing
Date:	August 2025
Volume:	34
Number:	8
ISSN:	0964-1726
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.1088/1361-665x/adf37d DOI 2478949 Other
Rights:	© 2025 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence (https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0). Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI
Divisions:	Schools > School of Science and Technology
Record created by:	Laura Borcherds
Date Added:	07 Aug 2025 14:53
Last Modified:	07 Aug 2025 14:53
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/54142

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