Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21): further psychometric exploration using robust item response theory and classical theory measures among university students

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Dilshad Manzar, M, Salahuddin, M, Nureye, D, Kashoo, FZ, Noohu, MM, Alotaibi, JS, Alamri, MS and Griffiths, MD ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-6524, 2025. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21): further psychometric exploration using robust item response theory and classical theory measures among university students. PLoS ONE, 20 (7): e0325238. ISSN 1932-6203

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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325238

Abstract

Background: Psychometric validity of the 21-item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) has not been studied among Ethiopians. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the DASS-21 using Item Response Theory (IRT) and classical theory among Ethiopian university students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 364 Ethiopian university students. Participants completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), and the DASS-21.

Results: Factor analysis and measures of quality of factor estimates, construct stability, and robustness of unidimensionality supported a one-factor structure. Item parameters were satisfactory for all but three items using both CTT and IRT. Some CTT parameters indicated deviation from unidimensionality for three items. Two items had poor communality, and IRT infit/outfit values above 1.4. The findings indicated adequate divergent validity (weak-moderate correlation) for the general distress measure of DASS-21 with respect to HAM-A, excellent reliability (McDonald’s ω and Cronbach’s α both 0.93), and item-level measurement invariance across sexes.

Conclusion: The psychometric validity of the DASS-21 among Ethiopian university students was robust, as shown by analysis using classical and item response theory measures. However, some item-level psychometric characteristics for two items were sub-optimal in both CTT and IRT.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	PLoS ONE
Creators:	Dilshad Manzar, M., Salahuddin, M., Nureye, D., Kashoo, F.Z., Noohu, M.M., Alotaibi, J.S., Alamri, M.S. and Griffiths, M.D.
Publisher:	Public Library of Science
Date:	28 July 2025
Volume:	20
Number:	7
ISSN:	1932-6203
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.1371/journal.pone.0325238 DOI 2480173 Other
Rights:	This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).
Divisions:	Schools > School of Social Sciences
Record created by:	Laura Borcherds
Date Added:	08 Aug 2025 07:21
Last Modified:	08 Aug 2025 07:21
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/54147