Long range correlations of stride intervals in uphill and downhill trail running

Genitrini, M, Wheat, J ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-6452 and Schwameder, H, 2025. Long range correlations of stride intervals in uphill and downhill trail running. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7: 1679343. ISSN 2624-9367

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Abstract

Introduction: Trail running is an increasing popular endurance discipline. The goal of the present study was to investigate long range correlations in stride intervals during a full trail running time trial.

Methods: Adopting an exploratory approach, it was hypothesized that the strength of such correlations would differ between uphill and downhill sections and between the initial and final stage of the race (incline and stage as independent variables). Twenty participants were recruited to run a solo all-out time trial equipped with inertial sensors to calculate stride intervals. The strength of long range correlations in stride intervals was quantified by means of Detrended Fluctuations Analysis alpha exponents (DFA-alpha). Differences across conditions were tested by means of linear mixed effect models.

Results and discussion: A significant main effect for incline was found, with higher values of DFA-alpha in downhill sections (resulting from less tight control) with respect to uphill. This is likely due to the higher technical difficulty running at high speed on an uneven surface. A significant main effect was found for race stage, with stronger correlations in the second race half as compared to the first one, most likely resulting from the difficulty to regulate running cadence in presence of acute fatigue. A significant interaction between incline and race stage was found as well, indicating that the strength of long range correlations in the second half of the race increased in both uphill and downhill sections, but the increase was significantly larger in uphill sections. This is likely due to the increase in physical fatigue which is prevalent in uphill sections, whilst the technical difficulty of downhill section remains constant. The present study shows that DFA-alpha is a sensitive quantity to discriminate between more and less challenging motor control scenarios. Incorporating such DFA-alpha among the metrics provided by wearables may aid runners in choosing a pacing strategy aiming to minimize fall and injury risks.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
Creators:	Genitrini, M., Wheat, J. and Schwameder, H.
Publisher:	Frontiers Media SA
Date:	14 November 2025
Volume:	7
ISSN:	2624-9367
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.3389/fspor.2025.1679343 DOI 2530177 Other
Rights:	Copyright: © 2025 Genitrini, Wheat and Schwameder. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Divisions:	Schools > School of Science and Technology
Record created by:	Jonathan Gallacher
Date Added:	18 Nov 2025 08:56
Last Modified:	18 Nov 2025 08:56
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/54750

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