Polyamide12‐meta‐composites with excellent mechanical performance, shape‐memory, flame retardancy and 3D/4D printability

Rahmani, K, Park, K and Bodaghi, M ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0707-944X, 2026. Polyamide12‐meta‐composites with excellent mechanical performance, shape‐memory, flame retardancy and 3D/4D printability. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 311 (3): e70212. ISSN 1438-7492

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Abstract

Achieving multifunctional polymer composites that combine mechanical strength, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and shape-memory capability while remaining compatible with additive manufacturing remains challenging. In this work, a comprehensive materials library of fused filament fabrication (FFF)-printable polyamide 12 (PA12) composites was developed using bamboo charcoal (BC), a BC/carbon nanotube (BC/CNT) hybrid, and conventional glass fiber (GF) and carbon fibers (CF). PA12/BC and PA12/BC/CNT composites were compounded, extruded into filaments, and systematically characterized in terms of microstructure, wettability, thermomechanical behavior, flammability, shape-memory performance, and mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperatures. The BC/CNT hybrid represents the key innovation of this study, enabling a synergistic reinforcement strategy that simultaneously enhances stiffness, strength, damping, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and hydrophobicity while preserving excellent shape-memory behavior. In contrast, GF and CF reinforced composites provide higher stiffness and strength but suppress shape-memory functionality. Extending beyond material development, architected shape-memory polymer meta-composites with honeycomb, honeycomb-circle hybrid, and auxetic geometries were fabricated via 4D printing. They demonstrated shape-recovery, force-regulating behavior and high energy absorption/dissipation under compression. These results establish BC/CNT-reinforced PA12 as a more sustainable and multifunctional alternative to conventional fibre-reinforced systems for advanced additive manufacturing applications.

Item Type:	Journal article
Publication Title:	Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
Creators:	Rahmani, K., Park, K. and Bodaghi, M.
Publisher:	Wiley
Date:	March 2026
Volume:	311
Number:	3
ISSN:	1438-7492
Identifiers:	Number Type 10.1002/mame.70212 DOI 2603740 Other
Rights:	© 2026 the author(s). Macromolecular Materials and Engineering published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Divisions:	Schools > School of Science and Technology
Record created by:	Jonathan Gallacher
Date Added:	09 Apr 2026 15:26
Last Modified:	09 Apr 2026 15:26
URI:	https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/55528

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